Victoria University student Shannon Bentley is the recipient of DU’s first Wetland Care scholarship.

Shannon, who is from Upper Hutt and Carterton, has a bachelor of science degree and is now studying for a master’s in ecology.

She is looking at facilitating effective wetland restoration in the Wetlands for People and Place research group.

“This project looks at wetland restoration in the Ruamahanga  catchment, and my role in the project (in part) is to find the ecosystem services gained from wetland restoration,” she says.

“This project has been an amazing opportunity to contribute to the Wairarapa’s environment and clean up the Ruamahanga River.

“In the Wairarapa, farmers have been undergoing wetland restoration on private property. Farmers have used different restoration techniques to re-establish a wetland ecosystem,” she says.

“Wetlands produce services such as water purification, flood abatement, carbon storage, and species habitat.

“My master’s research asks how restoration, species diversity and ecosystem services interact.

“Specifically, I will ask how does restoration affect the biodiversity of plants and soil microbes? And how do biodiversity and restoration treatments affect the ecosystem services?

“With this information, I hope to be able to advise which wetland restoration techniques are effective at restoring ecosystem services.”

Her goal is to quantify the gain in nutrient retention, flood abatement, carbon storage, and plant and microbe diversity in 18 restored wetlands of differing ages in comparison to 18 unrestored wetlands.

“By measuring how wetlands are functioning (via ecosystem services) after they have been restored, and looking at what restoration treatments are effective, this project will be able to determine how effective our current restoration efforts are,
and which restoration techniques are working.”

DU Director Jim Law says, of Shannon: “She is exactly the kind of person that our scholarships are directed at. She is a bright, passionate young Kiwi.” Shannon’s supervisors are Dr Julie Deslippe, assistant director of the Centre of Biodiversity and Restoration Ecology at Victoria, Dr Stephanie Tomscha, head of the Wetlands
for People and Place project and a postdoctoral research fellow at Victoria, and Ra Smith.

Ra Smith is an environmental iwi liaison for Shannon’s iwi, Ngāti Kahungunu, and a whanaunga (relative). He is involved in the effort to clean up Lake Wairarapa.

On a trip around the top half of the South Island last summer, a friend who
lives in Greymouth suggested that I visit New Zealand's only white heron
(kōtuku) breeding site, just north of Ōkārito.

The tour operator is White Heron Sanctuary Tours, based in a little town called Whataroa, about an hour south of Hokitika.

The tour starts with a 15-minute minibus ride followed by a 20-minute jet boat ride.

Ross Cottle reports on his visit to a white heron colony on the West Coast.

This takes you along a small section of backwater, which is only about 100 metres long, and this is where the birds breed.

There is a viewing hide about 50 metres from the birds so you can get

right up close to them.

The breeding season runs from about December to late February and you can see chicks in various stages of growth. There were also royal spoonbills nesting as well as wood pigeons (kererū) close by.

The area is a Department of Conservation reserve, and White Heron Sanctuary
Tours is the only tour company allowed to access the breeding colony.

It was one of the highlights of my trip.

Auckland-Waikato Fish & Game wildlife manager John Dyer has discovered a secret world of wildlife.

This article is to share the idea of how useful game cameras (aka trail cameras) are in exploring what is happening at your favourite pond or wetland.

Put a game camera in front of a nest box, a ground nest, a trap you’ve set, or perhaps at a feeder or roosting log, and see what is using it night and day. There will be a lot more going on than you would credit.

Using such a camera is an invitation into a secret world of wildlife. This increased understanding will also help you in management decisions about your pond and its inhabitants.

Game cameras take coloured pictures during the day when they are set off by movement. You can also set them to take short videos or a combination.

These digital images are stored on a SD card, so you can download, store and share them.

At night, game cameras switch to infra-red and you get black and white photos. The better types have “black flash” which means that not only do critters generally not see the flash, but neither do humans.

That can be handy to get repeat candid photos, but also to let you know who
and what is about.

A flash that cannot be seen reduces the risk of theft as does camouflaging the camera and/or buying either a lockable security cable or metal “bear-box” for it.

The bear-box has to be unlocked to get at the attaching screws, though these

boxes are often a bit pricey. A lockable braided cable, which I prefer, can be looped around a tree trunk or fence post and back through moulded slots in the camera housing.

A camo-finish camera and cable are easier to conceal than shiny, plain-finish ones. In some cases, you will need to import to get what you want.

Game cameras seem to all have the same ¼-inch-20 UNC thread in their base to
accept any camera mount, or even a makeshift mount you have made using the same bolt and some wood.

This allows you to position the camera right next to such things as nest boxes, even if a handy tree isn’t nearby.

Any movement sets off a photo and it might be the grey teal making sure the inside of the box is empty before risking getting in.

Or it might be an interaction between a pair of ducks and a would-be nest
competitor.

It might also be an interloper such as a sneaky myna bird, trying to take over
the nest box. The camera records the time and date so you can get a picture (pardon the pun) of what is about and when.

Some duck activities, such as preening on an installed roosting log, seem to only happen at night. And what is that on the log? OMG, it’s a water rat!

You’ll be surprised to observe feral cats you never see in daylight or the stoat
you never caught passing by your trap. You’ll certainly reappraise how many of these vermin are around and what your trapping effort should be to counter this.

I found, for instance, possums reaching in and helping themselves to my rat baits in a home-made poison box. It didn’t seem to do them much harm either.

A change of bait might have fixed that, but instead I added a baffle that meant
the possum's arm just wasn’t long enough any more. You might say they were baffled!

Seeing a stoat go past a trap is pretty annoying, but it starts you thinking;
why? Perhaps a better technique is required.

For instance, a little turned-over soil by the trap entrance suggests rabbits have been burrowing and is a good attractant. Rubbing a little of this soil in your
hands will help hide human scent before handling the trap or bait. Stoats and weasels aren’t particularly afraid of the sight of humans, but for some reason
they are very wary of our scent.

My trapping diary suggests that it takes three days for my unmasked scent to wear off enough for a stoat to visit a rebaited trap.

I was surprised to see pheasants in my trap pictures until I burrowed into the
pin oak leaf litter and found acorns.

I’d never known these trees to seed, but it was just that the acorns were either quickly gobbled up or covered up. The camera alerted me to this.

Pictures of a feeder will show you wild ducks that perhaps you didn’t know you had and the manner in which they jostle for space might suggest shifting feeders apart will reduce competition.

One hunter I know had some great photos of Canada geese coming to his feeder, but also some bloke's face right up close having a good look at it too. “Who the heck is that?”, he asked me. Luckily old Stan was only curious and not up to anything worse.

One spot on my pond has a mallard nest each year, so I set up a game camera
to monitor her success. I was pretty shocked to see a pūkeko and then a
hawk standing right alongside the concealed nest.

She must have been well camouflaged and keeping dead still, or perhaps she was quite intimidating. Either way she brought her brood off yet again, (when eggs have hatched, and are not predated, the thin membranes lining the inside
shell fragments are semi-detached).

But we have also used game cameras to catch hawks in the act of eating duck eggs – coming back for every single one. Hawks by law are deemed semi-
protected but, in some situations, such as where native bird recovery is being done on private land, that status is waived.

So, consider adding a game camera to your pond or wetland. Just take it from me, don’t point it at a railway line unless you want to know the train schedule.
On a windy day, if there’s a few branches in front of it, you’ll have 100 shots of
them swaying left and another 100 right. While these cameras are normally quite rainproof, if you have a flood, you might not be so lucky. Place them above any likely tide line.

And if you tire of your game camera, rest assured, they have good second-hand value too. Though my guess is you’ll be trading up to a better version with more megapixels as your new hobby grows. Have fun.

WHAT'S ON THE MARKET

Advice re buying a game camera:
Larger shooting shops such as Hunting & Fishing usually have a selection to match your requirements. I prefer camo to avoid potential public land theft and imported a camo Python security strap – and saved a heap by doing so.

In safer areas, the supplied nylon strap will do. A black flash is a feature definitely worth paying more for. If the camera does not have a memory card, then I’d suggest buying an SD card of about 8-16GB. This refers to how much recording space it has, the higher the

number, the more space and expense. You’ll want a way to connect the SD
card into your computer. On older computers, you can do this directly.

For newer laptops, you may need a small card holder with a USB lead attached such as those sold by Stationery Warehouse. You can now download all your pictures.

In the field, the easiest way to see what you have is to put the SD card into a
digital camera. In particular, you’ll see
if the game camera isn’t pointing at the object of interest square-on or cutting heads off, etc.

They usually have a digital display in the back of the game camera, but you often have to turn it around to see this, which defeats the whole aiming purpose.
Game cameras usually also have an aim feature that you can set and wave your hand around. If it is in the monitored area, the camera will flash red back to you. If not, it won’t. So you can tell if all of the subject will be in the picture, for instance, both ends of a roosting log.

Buy good rechargeable batteries and a large charger that takes them all at once, perhaps from a tech store. That will save time and soon pay for itself. There’s lots of online advice too.

Where are the swans?
Royal swans are on the wane and DU Director Will Abel wants suggestions about getting hold of some breeding stock. Please contact Will on 06 362 6675.

More Flights scheduled

From next year, Flight magazine will be published three times a year in February, June and October. Submissions of stories, photos, story ideas and suggestions should be emailed to Alison Murray at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..

DU rep appointed
Director Neil Candy has been appointed as a member of the Game Bird Habitat Trust Board, which distributes funding to develop and enhance the wetland
habitats of game birds and other wetland inhabitants. He attends his first meeting as a board member this month in Dunedin where 12 applications for funding will be reviewed.

What's on the telly
DU directors Dan Steele and Jim Law both appeared on TV in August. TVNZ's Matty McLean was given a tour of Blue Duck Station by Dan on the Breakfast show, and Jim and Marilyn Law's Palliser Ridge Station was featured on Country Calendar.

This episode can be watched online at www.tvnz.co.nz/shows/country-
calendar/episodes/s2020-e23 though you may need to sign up first (it's free).

Rainy day reading

New Zealand Geographic has an extensive online feature on wetlands. Go to www.nzgeo.com/stories/wetlands.

The winners of a DU auction for a Blue Duck Station experience had a ball. John Dermer reports.

It’s quite a drive! You turn west at Raurimu, famous for its railway spiral, and travel a windy gravel road till you are sure you are lost. When you come to a gate across the road, you’ve arrived.

The station buildings, including the Blue Duck Cafe, sit on a piece of flat land between the confluence of the Retaruki and Whanganui rivers. Our host, Dan Steele, has bought nearby farms as they had buildings on them
for the burgeoning staff that his tourism business needed.

The lovely old homestead that his parents, (“the olds”) live in is at the end of the road and has magnificent views up and down the Whanganui. The garden has some very old trees – oak, beech plus many fruit trees.

Kees and Kay Weytmans and Diny and I had arrived for our two-day stay. We had bought this at the DUNZ auction last winter and as we had had such a good time on Brian and Wendy Simmons' boat the previous summer, we thought we would try Dan’s Blue Duck Station experience this time.

We stayed in a sunny three-bedroom, three en suite lodge with communal kitchen, large dining table plus masses of outdoor seating. The rooms were fitted with quirky handles, hooks and knobs. Unfortunately we forgot to bring a gun to shoot the rabbits!

Dan and Sandy farm Blue Duck Station and neighbouring Retaruki Station, which they lease from his parents.

The total area is 7000 acres (2800 hectares) carrying 5000 ewes and replacements.

It’s mostly steep country – steep to overhanging for much of it, with bush and manuka scrub covering a lot of it. There is some easier country on it but I have to confess that I have been thoroughly spoilt running a small nearly flat farm for a long time now (actually 46 years). Dan, you can keep your hills!

The gorges are deeply incised with sheer papa sides, often showing evidence of a catastrophic rainstorm which lashed the area about two years ago. Not much use for stock water but great for whio.

Dan showed us around in a well-used side-by-side. The tracks are pretty good and he is a mine of information about the area, its history and the people who have lived here.

The station is right beside the Whanganui River, rich in Māori history and the major highway for many years.

One of the houseboats, floating hotels of the time, finished its days moored in the Retaruki just below Dan's parents' homestead.

We saw a beautiful stand of kahikatea (white pine), with other species, rimu, miro, matai and pukatea, growing as well. Dan told us about the well-appointed cave that someone had stumbled on in a sheer face nearby.

Mohawk Joe was growing pot on a well tended area nearby and living in the cave. The police just laughed when they saw it. Dan still says hello to Mohawk when he sees him.

The best story was from wife Sandy. She had only visited Blue Duck a couple of times but wrote in a visitor’s book that she was coming back soon. To marry Dan! Dan loves this country. He has just bought a block of 750 acres with about a third of it grazable. The rest is in native bush and scrub.

Not a block that was going to make him much money from farming but Dan had spotted a knob with a view of the mountains, Ruapehu, Ngāuruhoe, Tongariro.

This was reasonably accessible by ATV and he has a very good chef, Jack Cashmore, who happens to be a carpenter as well.

Hence they had the bright idea to build a high-class restaurant and three chalets up there. The plan is to have top-class fine dining and for people to enjoy a backcountry experience.

Typically, Dan has gone half-shares with the chef in the venture. They hope to finish the complex by September. Give Dan a call as it will be fabulous. I hope this venture goes well for them.

Dan’s business is now heavily slanted towards tourism. (We hardly heard a New Zealand accent the whole time we were there [pre-lockdown]).

He employs 12 people, many involved in tourism, so he was not a “happy chappy” to get the news about Covid-19.

This shut down the tourism side virtually overnight so he is now dependent on his farming and mānuka honey production, with carbon farming from the mānuka and some plantations which have been planted.

One very rough looking block had been planted in redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens) on advice from Horizons.

(I wonder how they will perform on this site.) Another block is in radiata so carbon farming should help through this rough patch.

The map in the Blue Duck Cafe showing Dan’s trap lines is very impressive. He has predator traps all over the place.

More than a thousand of them.

He is great man for doing deals with people who stay there. Free accommodation if you do a few days' rebaiting traps.

Not a great job when you have to remove a very smelly hedgehog. Rats are the main capture at the moment but Dan reckons he will never get rid of them.

We did see a pair of whio, happily sitting on rocks in the river, so all the effort he is putting into his predator control is obviously working.

A jet boat ride down the Whanganui was a highlight. The river is very low so Dan had to keep a sharp eye out for shallow rapids. Also for the many kayakers travelling downstream.

For those of you thinking the gray duck is on the way out, you should see the number on the Whanganui. They are plentiful.

I noticed the same thing many years ago in my own jet boating days, so the numbers seem to be hanging in there.

Predator control goes on hold

The Department of Conservation had to suspend all non-essential services,
including predator control programmes,during Covid-19 Level 4, which began
on March 5.

But the timing of the lockdown in many ways couldn't have been better, Brent Beaven, Predator Free 2050 manager for DOC, said.

Most birds weren't breeding, and most of the pests weren't breeding either, so he didn't expect to see a massive rise in pest numbers.

Predator control activities on public land were able to resume from May 13 when New Zealand moved to Level 2.

There was more good news the next day, with Predator Free 2050 receiving an
extra $76 million ($19 million a year) in the 2020 Budget, enabling it to co-fund new predator free projects around the country.

Thousands of hunters, however, had to wait until May 23, when the delayed duck hunting season began. It was extended until July 12.

In many places, wildlife appeared to enjoy the break from the madding crowds.
In Dunedin, the Otago Museum's Tropical Forest, home to hundreds of tropical butteries, staff reported some unusual cheeping sounds.

They discovered the forest’s zebra finches, apparently for the first time,
were raising chicks, partly because of the break from the usual stream of human visitors.

In Australia, scientists took advantage of the lack of maritime activity to learn the language of the Burrunan dolphins, a rare species which live in the Gippsland Lakes in Victoria. The scientists set up acoustic sound monitoring and, for the first time, were able to listen to what the dolphins had to say.

Further afield, there were reports of wildlife occupying abandoned spaces. These included a herd of wild goats taking over a town in north Wales, pink flamingos flourished in Albania, and wild boars roamed the streets of Haifa, Israel.

Flight magazine asked Pukaha/Mt Bruce's captive breeding ranger Tara Swan how the wildlife centre coped
during lockdown.

"Lockdown at Pukaha was lovely actually! Obviously businesswise, like everywhere, it was a bit of a big change, but for the wildlife, it was like a break for them. I think nature enjoyed it." she said.

The stand-out moment during lockdown was the arrival of a kōkako pair, walking the tracks daily and visiting the rangers.

"I think the lack of visitors walking around inspired the birds to come and check out what we do every day.

"We had a stunning orange- fronted kākāriki clutch raised and fledged during the lockdown (actually due for release in
September, depending on how this new Covid update plays out)", Tara said. 

During the first week of lockdown, four kākā juveniles from the centre's Aviary 3 pair were released into the forest.
This was ideal timing as it meant they could get used to the feed stations and other kākā without the distraction of
people too. They still hang around the feed stations so are easy to spot.

"Once lockdown was over, we sent two kiwi chicks to Sanctuary Mountain for release and four red-crowned kākāriki juveniles were released at Cape Sanctuary.

"Nine yellow-crowned kākāriki went to Nelson, where some stayed for some new captive breeding pairs and the rest were released on Puangiangi Island. "So yes, it was a bit mad! During and after as so many bird transfers were delayed due to the travel restrictions. Thankfully it was during the quiet season," Tara said.

Contractors wildlife expert Sandy Bull and Ecoworks' Steve Sawyer bring birdlife into Nick's Head Station and look after the 2-metres-high predator-proof fence, which protects 35 hectares of native bush and a wide array of wildlife.

About 60 tuatara were translocated from Stephens Island in Marlborough Sounds, and now, safe within the fence, their numbers have grown to more than 100.

There are also about 180 nesting gannets, about 55 to 60 grey-faced petrels, sooty and fluttering shearwaters and even an arctic skua has been seen within the fence.

"Initially, they said we couldn't do it," Sandy says.

To attract the seabirds, Steve smothered the rocks with white paint to look like guano and installed a sound system to replicate the calls of various seabirds. The gannets have been nesting there for several years now.

Sandy says there are plans to translocate saddlebacks and giant weta. He has also been involved in translocating pāteke to the wetland and about 200 have been released. He says they are now moving around the region and another survey of bird numbers is due but it is clear the pāteke are doing well.

Sandy told DU members that he was well aware of the wealth of knowledge within DU and members' involvement with wetlands around New Zealand.

He says Gisborne is desperately short of wetlands. The biggest is Lake Repongaere, covering about 110 acres. "There are farm ponds all over Gisborne attracting wildlife but we are very short of big wetlands. This one [at Nick's Head Station] is a joy to behold."

Some of the visiting and resident birds:

• pukeko – numerous (some have been culled);
• paradise shelducks;
• shags – black, pied, little, little black and kawau;
• white faced herons; bittern – though they are seldom seen;
• pied stilts;
• kōtuku;
• royal spoonbills;
• godwits – spotted recently;
• a nesting colony of black billed gulls, the world's rarest gull;
• black-fronted terns – spotted once; dab chicks;
• NZ scaups – in low numbers;
• graylards – interbred with mallards and grey teal;
• grey teals;
• shovelers;
• Canada geese; penguins – a colony on the beach;
• oystercatchers; pāteke;
• gannets;
• petrels;
• Arctic skuas;
• fluttering shearwaters;
• sooty shearwaters

The wetland at Nick's Head Station at Muriwai, south of Gisborne, is a world-leading example of positive human interactions with the land, and of what vision and money can achieve.

General manager Kim Dodgshun has worked at Nick's Head Station since 1994, eight years before the current owners bought the property. "They inherited me and we've worked well as a team ever since," Kim says.

When Kim arrived, the land that is now the main wetland was being grazed with livestock roaming all over, and with cows wandering along the beach. "It was nothing like it is today."

Early on, Kim had the idea of creating a bird reserve on the property and ran it past wildlife ecologist and former Wildlife Service ranger Sandy Bull.

The plan, however, hit a snag when the owners at the time said they did not wish to proceed with something that would not produce financial returns.

Undeterred, in 1995 Kim managed to obtain a $15,000 Natural Heritage Fund grant from the local district council and, with Sandy's help, starting trapping. "We caught a big polecat down on the beach," Kim says.

They also put up "No shooting" signs – it had been a popular duck shooting site, fenced off 15 hectares and planted flax around the outside. The birds flocked in, bringing seeds from other wetlands in the area and the plants began to grow.

The story of the wetland took another turn in 2003 when the farm changed hands after the Overseas Investment Commission approved an application from a US billionaire to buy the land, in what turned out to be a 12-month-long process.

He had first visited the farm in 2002 and embraced Kim's plans to create a wildlife reserve.

The final step for the sale was to gain iwi approval. Kim says communication was the key and once the iwi knew what the owner planned to do with the property, the deal was  approved.

In response to Kim's plans, the owner said, "Let's make this bigger and better", and brought out renowned landscape architect Thomas Woltz from the US to design the wetland, with advice from Kim and Sandy.

A previous manager who had farmed there for 35 years had set in place the foundations to drain the saltwater from the low lying areas. He put up a netting fence on the beach which collected all the driftwood and storm debris, building a natural wall with sand.

Next, he added another fence on top of that and planted it out with marran grass and other plants.

Later, in the 1960s, a drain was put in to get rid of the remaining saltwater but a narrow, shallow channel remained, with 700 acres of catchment running into it. In summer it dried up. The surrounding paddocks were all very wet with no drainage.

Kim had already planted some native blocks but as Thomas Woltz learnt more about New Zealand and its trees, "the master plan was to revert the land back to how it was 700 or 800 years ago, with a profitable farming operation, back when there were no predators and the land was covered in native trees", Kim says.

Planting began in earnest in 2003 and now there's almost 700,000 natives on the property – coastal varieties with "the big fellas" – rimu, matai and totara – planted among them.

The wetland project began in 2005 – plans were drawn up, the land was surveyed and work began, initially with six diggers.

Kim had warned the contractors that trucks with wheels and 20-tonne diggers wouldn't work in the boggy terrain, but they brought them in anyway and all of them got stuck.

Which left the six smaller diggers. Firstly, a wall was put in to stop the saltwater coming in over the original wall at the beach. "We put in some more small ponds up the valley and worked our way west."

Deep channels – "about 2½-cars deep" – were dug out to ensure the wetland had water year-round.

The material excavated from the channels was made up of a layer of Plasticine-like blue tacky soil sandwiched between shells and "rubbishy" soil. The blue material was used to seal the walls or build the islands, while the "rubbishy" soil helped shape them.

Diggers scraped up the topsoil which was carted on to the shaped islands by trucks with tracks to prepare them for planting.

However, when they came to seal the western side of the wetland, they ran out of the blue soil so plastic liner had to be used in some sections.

"We pegged out all the walls and had three diggers in a row, one digging the holes, another with a big roll of the plastic, working at snail pace, unrolling it, with a third quickly filling it in before the walls collapsed," Kim says. Thankfully, it worked.

"Once it was all done, we had to pump all the water out. "We got council permission to pump it out into the sea over sheets of corrugated iron to protect the beach."

In the process, they found some old kahikatea, big, old stumps of trees, leading them to believe that, pre-settlement, it must have been an old kahikatea swamp.

"There are some stumps on the beach visible at low tide that have been dated at more than 8000 years old," Kim says.

As well as dealing with the challenges presented by the terrain, during planting, they encountered another problem.

Holes were dug with an augur, and some crystal rain put in with soil over the top before the tree was planted with a fertiliser capsule.

Later they went back to one of the islands to put in stakes to mark where the native plants were but found that most of them had been pulled out.

"All the rats were just pulling them out and eating the fertiliser caps. They were having a ball."

The answer was to use about 100 bait stations with Pestoff rat bait, from Farmlands, and "there were bucketloads of rats coming in," Kim says. It's slowed down now.

"That was just another little challenge. I can't believe how well the plants have grown."

Now the islands are all finished and planted with native trees – 10,000 trees to the hectare. On the hills, it's 2500 to the hectare.

The wetland has two 1ha islands and several smaller ones. All the islands are in place of valleys, which was Thomas Woltz's plan, imagining erosion coming down and islands forming.

At its peak, 25 people were working on the project. The labour was all local and all the trees were sourced from the Muriwai area. "Now the locals come to get our native trees," Kim says.

The farm is 3300 acres in total with nine kilometres of coastline. It runs Angus cattle, 285 breeding cows and 3300 sheep. This is likely to be reduced to 3200, with the aim of getting more out of fewer stock, by doing things better, "by selling them when they are ready to go and when the market is ready to take them".

"We are looking at the possibility of going down the regenerative farming path, though the steep contours of Nick's Head Station add to the challenge – more investigations in this area are required."

Facial eczema is a problem so the farm focuses on sourcing facial eczema-resistant stock. The farm uses dicalcic phosphate fertiliser, not straight superphosphate, and nitrogen, which was seldom used, has not been used for about eight years.

The station employs a staff of 16, who look after conservation, including a former DOC worker who does trapping and twice-weekly night shoots by bike, general hands, stockmen, groundsmen, a secretary, a citrus manager and assistant, who have 50 hectares of citrus to tend, plus contractors.

Kim pauses, distracted by something that needs fixing. "Everything we do on this place, we got to maintain it.

"We've got this magic place that we've all had something to do with and created what it is today. We can't let it go back. We can't let wild pine trees start growing.

"We've got convolvulus – we've got to keep taking it out – we've got kikuyu grass on the farm that we have been spraying, we have got to keep at it. "

"The old place never sleeps."

• The bus trip to Nick's Head Station was organised by Kees and Kay Weytmans, who provided delicious, nutritious packed lunches. Kees' efforts to make sure everyone was comfortable during the talks on the jetty by providing lucerne bales to sit on were also much appreciated.
• For more on Nick's Head Station, watch Thomas Woltz's Ted Talk at www.youtube.com/

watch?v=9VlY-3V63yI.

President Ross Cottle welcomed DU members to the 46th Conference and AGM in Gisborne – the first time it has
been held there.

He said the turnout was better than expected after the Covid-19 lockdown. The timing of the conference, on the weekend of July 31 and August 1, turned out to be fortuitous, with the country facing further lockdown restrictions from August 11.

Ross thanked Kees and Kay Weytmans for organising everything at the Gisborne end.

PRESIDENT'S REPORT
Ross said it had been another relatively quiet year of activity, not helped by Covid-19.

Wairio continued to be a major focus for DU in the Wairarapa. The attempt to get a permanent water supply from Matthews Lagoon had not been very successful, with the wall of the  diversion canal blowing out last winter.

It was yet to be reinstated although DU hoped it would be completed next summer.

DU was still seeking opportunities to advocate for wetland construction, and the promotion of environmental issues where needed.

"Our membership is holding, although there is noticeably more grey hair, and in some cases no hair at all, showing up to events each year," he said.

It was reported at last year's AGM that the Board had decided to offer scholarships to university students studying in the
wetland environmental area.

There had been a much slower uptake than expected, but in July, Adrienne Longuet-Bushell, Jim Law and Ross presented
Victoria University student Shannon Bentley with $5000 to continue her studies in carbon sequestration in wetlands.

Ross concluded by thanking the Board members for their work over the past 12 months.

FINANCIAL REPORT
Donations have come from the Wetland Trust, the Pharazyn Trust and Treadwells, and a one-off private donation.

Members' subscriptions and donations, along with last year's raffles and auctions contributed to the rest of the income, Treasurer John Bishop said.

DU accumulated $75,000 for the year and, once expenses were deducted, it was left with a surplus of $30,765, though a big portion of this is earmarked for work at Wairio.

John was this year’s Bill Barrett Trophy recipient.

WATERFOWL AND WETLAND TRUST

David Smith said that at the end of the trust's financial year, which is on December 31, it recorded its highest net assets at $522,000, but then there was Covid-19.

On March 23, the funds had taken a dive of just over $72,000, though this was also partly because of Donald Trump's trade war with China.

The trust sat tight and, as at July 22, the trust's funds were back to $505,000 as sharemarkets recovered much of their losses.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS
Three Board members – Adrienne Longuet-Bushell, Gill Lundie and Emma Williams – had completed their two-year
terms. All were re-elected unopposed for a further two years. Liz Brook has retired from the Board.

WETLAND CARE
DU assisted with two projects this year, both in the Masterton area.

Matt Wyeth, of Spring Valley Enterprises, is creating a wetland and pond of about 2 hectares which will complement the already extensive areas created in the past 20 years.

The cost would be more than $10,000, and DU would contribute $5000 towards it. It was due to be completed but had been delayed by Covid-19.

John Murray, of Kainga Mauru Trust, has also created an approximately 2ha wetland and pond. DU has contributed $5000 towards the $10,000 work required to do the excavations.

ROYAL SWAN
Will Abel said that sadly, there was nothing more to add this year, with no swans available.

"The breeding birds we have had over the years have departed the scheme, and we are having no success in replacing
them," he said.

"Even our strongest suppliers, Peacock Springs, are now needing breeding stock. We don’t really have any ideas how to
reverse the trend as importing birds is still not possible."

About 10 pairs had been seen on Henley Lake in Masterton, but there was no easy way to capture them.

MEMBERSHIP
Ducks Unlimited is stable with 275 members, of which 80 are non-paying or life members.

Reminders will be sent to those with outstanding subscriptions.

WEBSITE
The website is now mobile-friendly and the number of people accessing the site through their phones is nearly as high as those using desktop computers.

More copies of Flight magazines have been added to the website with 100 issues now online.

WAIRIO
Jim Law said the Wairio project was moving from a development stage to maturity.

The site was being visited by more people taking advantage of the grassed walkway around the wetland.

"Just watch your boots" because waterfowl are fond of parking up on it, he said.

DU continues to work with iwi who will be more involved with the management of Wairarapa Moana once their Treaty settlement is signed. "Our relationships with them are very good," Jim said. Greater Wellington Regional Council had taken over responsibility for the Matthews Lagoon and Boggy Pond reticulation project, but it had failed.

"We believe it will be fixed this summer." There was also debate within GWRC about the need for a fish passage at the site and this needed to be resolved.

The fantastic partnership with Victoria University was continuing, with students regularly working on Stage 3 at Wairio.
In July, the first Wetland Care scholarship was presented to a Victoria University student. The university also has another student who is likely to apply for a scholarship in the next two to three months.

DU has a five-year Wairio strategy which now needs to be updated. Also, its management contract with DOC expires in December 2021 so next year members will be asked about whether to continue that contract.

"There will be less work – we are just waiting for the trees to grow, some repairs and some planting. Our preference is most likely that we would continue," Jim said.

Ross applauded Jim's negotiation skills in dealing with the different Wairio partners.

Di Pritt asked the meeting to record a huge vote of thanks to Jim, Ross and the Wairio committee for their work. She said when they first visited the wetland 15 years ago, their first reaction was: "What are we doing?" 

"It was the bleakest place – Siberia had nothing on it", and now it is a significant wetland, she said.

GENERAL BUSINESS
Fred Bailey asked how to access funds for predator control. It was generally thought regional councils should be the first point of contact.

Guest speaker Sam Gibson suggested contacting DOC's local relationship officer to tap into the DOC Community Fund and Jobs for Nature funding.

John Cheyne said Hawke's Bay Regional Council was the greatest source of resources in his region, as well as the DOC Community Fund.